The story begins with a quiet but radical change in the texture of the working day. Using detailed time-diary surveys spanning four decades, economists have shown that "on-the-job leisure" — the informal breaks, the pauses, the breathing room inside paid hours — has steadily contracted. Workers take fewer of these episodes, and they work longer before taking their first proper break. The decline is sharpest in routine task-intensive occupations, where technological change has squeezed the unstructured moments out of the day.

This is not simply a story of "harder work" in the abstract. It is a story about the disappearance of recoverable time. A working day without micro-breaks is not a more efficient day. It is a day that borrows energy from the body and attention from the mind, and charges interest.



